FPGA vendors provide many ways to "configure" (i.e. download) their devices. One way uses a cable that connects your PC to the FPGA board. These cables are usually called "JTAG cables" (because they can connect to the JTAG pins of the FPGA).

**FPGA cables are vendor specific**
The FPGA configuration interface from all the FPGA vendors are very much alike. That doesn't prevent each vendor to have their own proprietary connectors and cables.

Xilinx cables
  * The most popular one is the Platform Cable USB II
  * Xilinx parallel cable is called Parallel cable III
Altera cables
  * The most popular one is the USB-Blaster
  * Altera parallel cable are the ByteBlasterMV and ByteBlaster II

**Parallel cables**
Parallel cables connect to PCs parallel (printer) ports. They are less popular than USB cables but can still be interesting due to their simplicity. They buffer a few pins of the PC parallel interface, and connect to the target board using a flat cable or flying leads. Parallel cables are active devices and need power, but they are usually powered from the target FPGA board.

FPGA vendors sometime provide the schematic of the cables, which is valuable if you want to understand how they work or build a cable yourself.

An FPGA can be into 2 states: "configuration mode" or "user mode".
When an FPGA wakes up after power-up, it is in configuration mode, sitting idle with all its outputs inactive. You need to configure it.

Configuring an FPGA means downloading a stream of 0's and 1's through some special pins. Once the FPGA is configured, it goes into "user-mode" and becomes active.

There are three classical ways to configure your FPGA:
  * You use a "JTAG cable" from your PC to the FPGA, and run a software on your PC to send data through the cable.
  * You use a microcontroller on your board, with an adequate firmware to send data to the FPGA.
  * You use a "boot-PROM" on your board, connected to the FPGA, that configures the FPGA automatically at power-up (FPGA vendors have such special boot-PROMs in their catalogs).
During development, the first method is the easiest and quickest. Once your FPGA design works, you probably don't need the PC anymore, so the other two methods come into use.

Configuration works in surprisingly identical ways between Xilinx and Altera devices. The differences are mostly in the naming (pin names and modes of operation are named differently), but the functionality is similar.

Most FPGAs have two sets of pins dedicated to configuration:
  * The JTAG interface.
  * The "synchronous serial" interface.
FPGA configuration can quickly become a complex subject, so you might want to skip this section, especially if you intend to use an already-made FPGA development board. Development boards usually come with a JTAG cable, or a special cable that you can use with no knowledge of the underlying interface. But if you want to learn a little more, read-on.

**The JTAG interface (or JTAG "port")**
FPGAs have the ability to be configured through JTAG (using proprietary JTAG commands). Note that JTAG was originally designed for test and manufacturing purposes (to allow a computer to take control of the device pins). FPGAs are certainly JTAG-testing able too.

See here for more info.

The "synchronous serial" interface
It is a simple data/clock interface. It is synchronous and you usually provide one bit at a time to the FPGA.

Here's a description of the five most important pins of this interface:

^Xilinx pin name	^Altera pin name	^Direction	^Pin function^
^data	^data0	^FPGA input	^configuration data bit^
^clk	^dclk	^FPGA input	^configuration clock (the configuration data bit is shifted in the FPGA at the clock rising-edge)^
^prog_b	^nConfig	^FPGA input	^When asserted (i.e. when it goes low - this is an active low pin), the FPGA is reset-ed and looses its configuration. If the FPGA was in user-mode, it stops operation immediately, and all IOs become inactive.^
^init_b	^nStatus	^FPGA output	^This pin indicates when the FPGA is ready to start the configuration process (it takes a few milliseconds for the FPGA to get ready).^
^done	^ConfDone	^FPGA output	^When high, indicates that the FPGA is configured (i.e. in user-mode).^

Note: the init_b and done pins are actually open-collector pins, so pull-up resistors are required on these. Also if multiple FPGAs are to be configured, these pins are usually connected together so that all the FPGAs switch into "user-mode" together. There is many more details, so for a complete description, check your FPGA datasheet.