简易交通灯
本节将向您介绍Verilog语法之中的精髓内容——状态机,并且将利用状态机实现十字路口的交通灯。
1. 硬件说明与实现项目框图
- 交通灯主路上绿灯持续15s的时间,黄灯3s的时间,红灯10s的时间;
- 交通灯支路上绿灯持续7s的时间, 黄灯持续3秒的时间,红灯18秒的时间;
- S1:主路绿灯点亮,支路红灯点亮,持续15s的时间;
- S2:主路黄灯点亮,支路红灯点亮,持续3s的时间;
- S3:主路红灯点亮,支路绿灯点亮,持续10s的时间;
- S4:主路红灯点亮,支路黄灯点亮,持续3s的时间;
2. Verilog代码
首先是时钟分频部分:
//******************************************************** // Copyright(c)2016, STEP FPGA // All rights reserved // File name : divide.v // Module name : divide // Author : STEP // Email : info@stepfpga.com // Data : 2016/08/01 // Version : V1.0 // Description : // // Modification history // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Version // Description // //******************************************************** //******************* //DEFINE MODULE PORT //******************* module divide ( //INPUT clk , rst_n , //OUTPUT clkout ); //******************* //DEFINE PARAMETER //******************* parameter WIDTH = 3; parameter N = 5; //******************* //DEFINE INPUT //******************* input clk,rst_n; //******************* //DEFINE OUTPUT //******************* output clkout; //******************** //OUTPUT ATTRIBUTE //******************** //REGS reg [WIDTH-1:0] cnt_p,cnt_n; reg clk_p,clk_n; assign clkout = (N==1)?clk:(N[0])?(clk_p&clk_n):clk_p; //Sequential logic style always @ (posedge clk) begin if(!rst_n) cnt_p<=0; else if (cnt_p==(N-1)) cnt_p<=0; else cnt_p<=cnt_p+1; end always @ (negedge clk) begin if(!rst_n) cnt_n<=0; else if (cnt_n==(N-1)) cnt_n<=0; else cnt_n<=cnt_n+1; end always @ (posedge clk) begin if(!rst_n) clk_p<=0; else if (cnt_p<(N>>1)) clk_p<=0; else clk_p<=1; end always @ (negedge clk) begin if(!rst_n) clk_n<=0; else if (cnt_n<(N>>1)) clk_n<=0; else clk_n<=1; end endmodule
接下来就是利用三段式状态机实现的交通灯部分:
//******************************************************** // Copyright(c)2016, STEP FPGA // All rights reserved // File name : traffic.v // Module name : traffic // Author : STEP // Email : info@stepfpga.com // Data : 2016/08/01 // Version : V1.0 // Description : // // Modification history // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- // Version // Description // //******************************************************** //******************* //DEFINE MODULE PORT //******************* module traffic ( //INPUT clk , rst_n , //OUTPUT out ); //******************* //DEFINE INPUT //******************* input clk,rst_n; //******************* //DEFINE OUTPUT //******************* output reg[5:0] out; //******************* //DEFINE PARAMETER //******************* parameter S1 = 4'b00, S2 = 4'b01, S3 = 4'b10, S4 = 4'b11; parameter time_s1 = 4'd15, time_s2 = 4'd3, time_s3 = 4'd7, time_s4 = 4'd3; parameter led_s1 = 6'b101011, led_s2 = 6'b001011, led_s3 = 6'b011101, led_s4 = 6'b011001; //********************* //INNER SIGNAL DECLARATION //********************* //REGS reg [3:0] timecont; reg [1:0] cur_state,next_state; //WIRES wire clk1h; divide #(.WIDTH(32),.N(12000000)) CLK1H ( .clk(clk), .rst_n(rst_n), .clkout(clk1h)); //Sequential logic style always @ (posedge clk1h) begin if(!rst_n) cur_state <= S1; else cur_state <= next_state; end always @ (cur_state or rst_n or timecont) begin if(!rst_n) begin next_state = S1; end else begin case(cur_state) S1:begin if(timecont==1) next_state = S2; else next_state = S1; end S2:begin if(timecont==1) next_state = S3; else next_state = S2; end S3:begin if(timecont==1) next_state = S4; else next_state = S3; end S4:begin if(timecont==1) next_state = S1; else next_state = S4; end default: next_state = S1; endcase end end always @ (posedge clk1h) begin if(!rst_n) begin out <= led_s1; timecont <= time_s1; end else begin case(next_state) S1:begin out <= led_s1; if(timecont == 1) timecont <= time_s1; else timecont <= timecont - 1; end S2:begin out <= led_s2; if(timecont == 1) timecont <= time_s2; else timecont <= timecont - 1; end S3:begin out <= led_s3; if(timecont == 1) timecont <= time_s3; else timecont <= timecont - 1; end S4:begin out <= led_s4; if(timecont == 1) timecont <= time_s4; else timecont <= timecont - 1; end default:begin out <= led_s1; end endcase end end endmodule
3. 引脚分配
小脚丫上正好有4路按键和4路开关,可以用来作为输入信号分别控制数码管的输出。按照下面表格定义输入输出信号
信号 | 引脚 | 信号 | 引脚 |
---|---|---|---|
clk | J5 | rst | J9 |
out[0] | E14 | out[1] | E15 |
out[2] | G15 | out[3] | D12 |
out[4] | C14 | out[5] | C15 |
配置好以后编译下载程序。您也可以试试修改程序,观察修改代码对于FPGA内部电路所造成的影响。
4. 小结
状态机是一类很重要的时序逻辑电路,是许多数字系统的核心部件,掌握状态机的使用是利用FPGA与CPLD进行开发的一项必会技能,本小节的交通灯程序即是利用三段式状态机描述方法实现的,希望读者能够快速掌握这项技能。